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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Concrete Objects Layer — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="Python/C API Reference Manual" href="index.html" /> <link rel="next" title="Type Objects" href="type.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="Old Buffer Protocol" href="objbuffer.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head> <body> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="type.html" title="Type Objects" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="objbuffer.html" title="Old Buffer Protocol" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">Python/C API Reference Manual</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="concrete-objects-layer"> <span id="concrete"></span><h1>Concrete Objects Layer<a class="headerlink" href="#concrete-objects-layer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The functions in this chapter are specific to certain Python object types. Passing them an object of the wrong type is not a good idea; if you receive an object from a Python program and you are not sure that it has the right type, you must perform a type check first; for example, to check that an object is a dictionary, use <a class="reference internal" href="dict.html#PyDict_Check" title="PyDict_Check"><tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">PyDict_Check()</span></tt></a>. The chapter is structured like the “family tree” of Python object types.</p> <div class="admonition warning"> <p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p> <p class="last">While the functions described in this chapter carefully check the type of the objects which are passed in, many of them do not check for <em>NULL</em> being passed instead of a valid object. Allowing <em>NULL</em> to be passed in can cause memory access violations and immediate termination of the interpreter.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="fundamental-objects"> <span id="fundamental"></span><h2>Fundamental Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#fundamental-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>This section describes Python type objects and the singleton object <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>.</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="type.html">Type Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="none.html">The None Object</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="numeric-objects"> <span id="numericobjects"></span><h2>Numeric Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#numeric-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound" id="index-0"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="int.html">Plain Integer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="bool.html">Boolean Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="long.html">Long Integer Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="float.html">Floating Point Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="complex.html">Complex Number Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="complex.html#complex-numbers-as-c-structures">Complex Numbers as C Structures</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="complex.html#complex-numbers-as-python-objects">Complex Numbers as Python Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="sequence-objects"> <span id="sequenceobjects"></span><h2>Sequence Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#sequence-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p id="index-1">Generic operations on sequence objects were discussed in the previous chapter; this section deals with the specific kinds of sequence objects that are intrinsic to the Python language.</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="bytearray.html">Byte Array Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bytearray.html#type-check-macros">Type check macros</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bytearray.html#direct-api-functions">Direct API functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bytearray.html#macros">Macros</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="string.html">String/Bytes Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html">Unicode Objects and Codecs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#unicode-objects">Unicode Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#unicode-type">Unicode Type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#unicode-character-properties">Unicode Character Properties</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#plain-py-unicode">Plain Py_UNICODE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#wchar-t-support">wchar_t Support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#built-in-codecs">Built-in Codecs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#generic-codecs">Generic Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#utf-8-codecs">UTF-8 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#utf-32-codecs">UTF-32 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#utf-16-codecs">UTF-16 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#utf-7-codecs">UTF-7 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#unicode-escape-codecs">Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#raw-unicode-escape-codecs">Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#latin-1-codecs">Latin-1 Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#ascii-codecs">ASCII Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#character-map-codecs">Character Map Codecs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#mbcs-codecs-for-windows">MBCS codecs for Windows</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#methods-slots">Methods & Slots</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#methods-and-slot-functions">Methods and Slot Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="buffer.html">Buffers and Memoryview Objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="buffer.html#the-new-style-py-buffer-struct">The new-style Py_buffer struct</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="buffer.html#buffer-related-functions">Buffer related functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="buffer.html#memoryview-objects">MemoryView objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="buffer.html#old-style-buffer-objects">Old-style buffer objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tuple.html">Tuple Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="list.html">List Objects</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="mapping-objects"> <span id="mapobjects"></span><h2>Mapping Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#mapping-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound" id="index-2"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="dict.html">Dictionary Objects</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="section" id="other-objects"> <span id="otherobjects"></span><h2>Other Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#other-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="class.html">Class and Instance Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="function.html">Function Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="method.html">Method Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="file.html">File Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="module.html">Module Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="iterator.html">Iterator Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="descriptor.html">Descriptor Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="slice.html">Slice Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html">Weak Reference Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="capsule.html">Capsules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cobject.html">CObjects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cell.html">Cell Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="gen.html">Generator Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html">DateTime Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="set.html">Set Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="code.html">Code Objects</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Concrete Objects Layer</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#fundamental-objects">Fundamental Objects</a><ul> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#numeric-objects">Numeric Objects</a><ul> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#sequence-objects">Sequence Objects</a><ul> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#mapping-objects">Mapping Objects</a><ul> </ul> </li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#other-objects">Other Objects</a><ul> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="objbuffer.html" title="previous chapter">Old Buffer Protocol</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="type.html" title="next chapter">Type Objects</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/c-api/concrete.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 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