Edit File: bsddb.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>11.11. bsddb — Interface to Berkeley DB library — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="11. Data Persistence" href="persistence.html" /> <link rel="next" title="11.12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation" href="dumbdbm.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="11.10. dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library" href="dbhash.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head> <body> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="dumbdbm.html" title="11.12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="dbhash.html" title="11.10. dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="persistence.html" accesskey="U">11. Data Persistence</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-bsddb"> <span id="bsddb-interface-to-berkeley-db-library"></span><h1>11.11. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></tt></a> — Interface to Berkeley DB library<a class="headerlink" href="#module-bsddb" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p class="deprecated"> <span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 2.6: </span>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></tt></a> module has been removed in Python 3.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></tt></a> module provides an interface to the Berkeley DB library. Users can create hash, btree or record based library files using the appropriate open call. Bsddb objects behave generally like dictionaries. Keys and values must be strings, however, so to use other objects as keys or to store other kinds of objects the user must serialize them somehow, typically using <a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html#marshal.dumps" title="marshal.dumps"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">marshal.dumps()</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#pickle.dumps" title="pickle.dumps"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle.dumps()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></tt></a> module requires a Berkeley DB library version from 4.0 thru 4.7.</p> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm">http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm</a></dt> <dd>The website with documentation for the <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></tt> Python Berkeley DB interface that closely mirrors the object oriented interface provided in Berkeley DB 4.x itself.</dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/">http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/</a></dt> <dd>The Berkeley DB library.</dd> </dl> </div> <p>A more modern DB, DBEnv and DBSequence object interface is available in the <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></tt> module which closely matches the Berkeley DB C API documented at the above URLs. Additional features provided by the <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></tt> API include fine tuning, transactions, logging, and multiprocess concurrent database access.</p> <p>The following is a description of the legacy <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></tt></a> interface compatible with the old Python bsddb module. Starting in Python 2.5 this interface should be safe for multithreaded access. The <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></tt> API is recommended for threading users as it provides better control.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></tt></a> module defines the following functions that create objects that access the appropriate type of Berkeley DB file. The first two arguments of each function are the same. For ease of portability, only the first two arguments should be used in most instances.</p> <dl class="function"> <dt id="bsddb.hashopen"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddb.</tt><tt class="descname">hashopen</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flag</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>pgsize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>ffactor</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>nelem</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cachesize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lorder</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>hflags</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.hashopen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Open the hash format file named <em>filename</em>. Files never intended to be preserved on disk may be created by passing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> as the <em>filename</em>. The optional <em>flag</em> identifies the mode used to open the file. It may be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'r'</span></tt> (read only), <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'w'</span></tt> (read-write) , <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'c'</span></tt> (read-write - create if necessary; the default) or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'n'</span></tt> (read-write - truncate to zero length). The other arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbopen()</span></tt> function. Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="bsddb.btopen"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddb.</tt><tt class="descname">btopen</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flag</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>btflags</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cachesize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>maxkeypage</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>minkeypage</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>pgsize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lorder</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.btopen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Open the btree format file named <em>filename</em>. Files never intended to be preserved on disk may be created by passing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> as the <em>filename</em>. The optional <em>flag</em> identifies the mode used to open the file. It may be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'r'</span></tt> (read only), <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'w'</span></tt> (read-write), <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'c'</span></tt> (read-write - create if necessary; the default) or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'n'</span></tt> (read-write - truncate to zero length). The other arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level dbopen function. Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="bsddb.rnopen"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddb.</tt><tt class="descname">rnopen</tt><big>(</big><em>filename</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flag</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>mode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>rnflags</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>cachesize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>pgsize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>lorder</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>rlen</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>delim</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>source</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>pad</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.rnopen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Open a DB record format file named <em>filename</em>. Files never intended to be preserved on disk may be created by passing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> as the <em>filename</em>. The optional <em>flag</em> identifies the mode used to open the file. It may be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'r'</span></tt> (read only), <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'w'</span></tt> (read-write), <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'c'</span></tt> (read-write - create if necessary; the default) or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'n'</span></tt> (read-write - truncate to zero length). The other arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level dbopen function. Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Beginning in 2.3 some Unix versions of Python may have a <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb185</span></tt> module. This is present <em>only</em> to allow backwards compatibility with systems which ship with the old Berkeley DB 1.85 database library. The <tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb185</span></tt> module should never be used directly in new code. The module has been removed in Python 3. If you find you still need it look in PyPI.</p> </div> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="dbhash.html#module-dbhash" title="dbhash: DBM-style interface to the BSD database library."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbhash</span></tt></a></dt> <dd>DBM-style interface to the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></tt></a></dd> </dl> </div> <div class="section" id="hash-btree-and-record-objects"> <span id="bsddb-objects"></span><h2>11.11.1. Hash, BTree and Record Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#hash-btree-and-record-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Once instantiated, hash, btree and record objects support the same methods as dictionaries. In addition, they support the methods listed below.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.3.1: </span>Added dictionary methods.</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.close"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</tt><tt class="descname">close</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Close the underlying file. The object can no longer be accessed. Since there is no open <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">open()</span></tt></a> method for these objects, to open the file again a new <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></tt></a> module open function must be called.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.keys"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</tt><tt class="descname">keys</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the list of keys contained in the DB file. The order of the list is unspecified and should not be relied on. In particular, the order of the list returned is different for different file formats.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.has_key"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</tt><tt class="descname">has_key</tt><big>(</big><em>key</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.has_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1</span></tt> if the DB file contains the argument as a key.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.set_location"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</tt><tt class="descname">set_location</tt><big>(</big><em>key</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.set_location" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the cursor to the item indicated by <em>key</em> and return a tuple containing the key and its value. For binary tree databases (opened using <a class="reference internal" href="#bsddb.btopen" title="bsddb.btopen"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">btopen()</span></tt></a>), if <em>key</em> does not actually exist in the database, the cursor will point to the next item in sorted order and return that key and value. For other databases, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.KeyError" title="exceptions.KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></tt></a> will be raised if <em>key</em> is not found in the database.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.first"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</tt><tt class="descname">first</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.first" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the cursor to the first item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases. This method raises <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb.error</span></tt> if the database is empty.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.next"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</tt><tt class="descname">next</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.next" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the cursor to the next item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.previous"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</tt><tt class="descname">previous</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.previous" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the cursor to the previous item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases. This is not supported on hashtable databases (those opened with <a class="reference internal" href="#bsddb.hashopen" title="bsddb.hashopen"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">hashopen()</span></tt></a>).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.last"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</tt><tt class="descname">last</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.last" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the cursor to the last item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified. This is not supported on hashtable databases (those opened with <a class="reference internal" href="#bsddb.hashopen" title="bsddb.hashopen"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">hashopen()</span></tt></a>). This method raises <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb.error</span></tt> if the database is empty.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="bsddb.bsddbobject.sync"> <tt class="descclassname">bsddbobject.</tt><tt class="descname">sync</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.sync" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Synchronize the database on disk.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Example:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">bsddb</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bsddb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">btopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'spam.db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'c'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">'</span><span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">...</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'3'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="go">'9'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">('0', '0')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">('1', '1')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">('9', '81')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_location</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'2'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">('2', '4')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">previous</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">('1', '1')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iteritems</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="go">0 0</span> <span class="go">1 1</span> <span class="go">2 4</span> <span class="go">3 9</span> <span class="go">4 16</span> <span class="go">5 25</span> <span class="go">6 36</span> <span class="go">7 49</span> <span class="go">8 64</span> <span class="go">9 81</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="s">'8'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="go">True</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sync</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">0</span> </pre></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">11.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></tt> — Interface to Berkeley DB library</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#hash-btree-and-record-objects">11.11.1. Hash, BTree and Record Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="dbhash.html" title="previous chapter">11.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dbhash</span></tt> — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="dumbdbm.html" title="next chapter">11.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dumbdbm</span></tt> — Portable DBM implementation</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/bsddb.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="dumbdbm.html" title="11.12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="dbhash.html" title="11.10. dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="persistence.html" >11. Data Persistence</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2020, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Oct 13, 2020. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. </div> </body> </html>