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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>19. Structured Markup Processing Tools — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="The Python Standard Library" href="index.html" /> <link rel="next" title="19.1. HTMLParser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser" href="htmlparser.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="18.16. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files" href="uu.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head> <body> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="htmlparser.html" title="19.1. HTMLParser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="uu.html" title="18.16. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="structured-markup-processing-tools"> <span id="markup"></span><h1>19. Structured Markup Processing Tools<a class="headerlink" href="#structured-markup-processing-tools" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>Python supports a variety of modules to work with various forms of structured data markup. This includes modules to work with the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and several interfaces for working with the Extensible Markup Language (XML).</p> <p>It is important to note that modules in the <a class="reference internal" href="xml.html#module-xml" title="xml: Package containing XML processing modules"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml</span></tt></a> package require that there be at least one SAX-compliant XML parser available. Starting with Python 2.3, the Expat parser is included with Python, so the <a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#module-xml.parsers.expat" title="xml.parsers.expat: An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></tt></a> module will always be available. You may still want to be aware of the <a class="reference external" href="http://pyxml.sourceforge.net/">PyXML add-on package</a>; that package provides an extended set of XML libraries for Python.</p> <p>The documentation for the <a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html#module-xml.sax" title="xml.sax: Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></tt></a> packages are the definition of the Python bindings for the DOM and SAX interfaces.</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="htmlparser.html">19.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></tt> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="htmlparser.html#example-html-parser-application">19.1.1. Example HTML Parser Application</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="htmlparser.html#htmlparser-methods">19.1.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></tt> Methods</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="htmlparser.html#examples">19.1.3. Examples</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sgmllib.html">19.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sgmllib</span></tt> — Simple SGML parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="htmllib.html">19.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">htmllib</span></tt> — A parser for HTML documents</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="htmllib.html#htmlparser-objects">19.3.1. HTMLParser Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="htmllib.html#module-htmlentitydefs">19.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">htmlentitydefs</span></tt> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.html">19.5. XML Processing Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities">19.6. XML vulnerabilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.html#defused-packages">19.6.1. defused packages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html">19.7. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></tt> — The ElementTree XML API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#tutorial">19.7.1. Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#xml-tree-and-elements">19.7.1.1. XML tree and elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#parsing-xml">19.7.1.2. Parsing XML</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#finding-interesting-elements">19.7.1.3. Finding interesting elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#modifying-an-xml-file">19.7.1.4. Modifying an XML File</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#building-xml-documents">19.7.1.5. Building XML documents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#additional-resources">19.7.1.6. Additional resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#xpath-support">19.7.2. XPath support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#example">19.7.2.1. Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#supported-xpath-syntax">19.7.2.2. Supported XPath syntax</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#reference">19.7.3. Reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#functions">19.7.3.1. Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#element-objects">19.7.3.2. Element Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#elementtree-objects">19.7.3.3. ElementTree Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#qname-objects">19.7.3.4. QName Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#treebuilder-objects">19.7.3.5. TreeBuilder Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#xmlparser-objects">19.7.3.6. XMLParser Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html">19.8. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></tt> — The Document Object Model API</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-contents">19.8.1. Module Contents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#objects-in-the-dom">19.8.2. Objects in the DOM</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#domimplementation-objects">19.8.2.1. DOMImplementation Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#node-objects">19.8.2.2. Node Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#nodelist-objects">19.8.2.3. NodeList Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#documenttype-objects">19.8.2.4. DocumentType Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#document-objects">19.8.2.5. Document Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#element-objects">19.8.2.6. Element Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#attr-objects">19.8.2.7. Attr Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#namednodemap-objects">19.8.2.8. NamedNodeMap Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#comment-objects">19.8.2.9. Comment Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#text-and-cdatasection-objects">19.8.2.10. Text and CDATASection Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#processinginstruction-objects">19.8.2.11. ProcessingInstruction Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#exceptions">19.8.2.12. Exceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#conformance">19.8.3. Conformance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#type-mapping">19.8.3.1. Type Mapping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#accessor-methods">19.8.3.2. Accessor Methods</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html">19.9. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></tt> — Minimal DOM implementation</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-objects">19.9.1. DOM Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html#dom-example">19.9.2. DOM Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html#minidom-and-the-dom-standard">19.9.3. minidom and the DOM standard</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html">19.10. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></tt> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html#domeventstream-objects">19.10.1. DOMEventStream Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html">19.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></tt> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html#saxexception-objects">19.11.1. SAXException Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html">19.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.handler</span></tt> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html#contenthandler-objects">19.12.1. ContentHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html#dtdhandler-objects">19.12.2. DTDHandler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html#entityresolver-objects">19.12.3. EntityResolver Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html#errorhandler-objects">19.12.4. ErrorHandler Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.utils.html">19.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></tt> — SAX Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html">19.14. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.sax.xmlreader</span></tt> — Interface for XML parsers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html#xmlreader-objects">19.14.1. XMLReader Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html#incrementalparser-objects">19.14.2. IncrementalParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html#locator-objects">19.14.3. Locator Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html#inputsource-objects">19.14.4. InputSource Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributes-interface">19.14.5. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Attributes</span></tt> Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html#the-attributesns-interface">19.14.6. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AttributesNS</span></tt> Interface</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html">19.15. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></tt> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#xmlparser-objects">19.15.1. XMLParser Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#expaterror-exceptions">19.15.2. ExpatError Exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#example">19.15.3. Example</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#content-model-descriptions">19.15.4. Content Model Descriptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html#expat-error-constants">19.15.5. Expat error constants</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="uu.html" title="previous chapter">18.16. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uu</span></tt> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="htmlparser.html" title="next chapter">19.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></tt> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/markup.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="htmlparser.html" title="19.1. 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