Edit File: socket.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>17.2. socket — Low-level networking interface — Python 2.7.5 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/default.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT: '../', VERSION: '2.7.5', COLLAPSE_INDEX: false, FILE_SUFFIX: '.html', HAS_SOURCE: true }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="top" title="Python 2.7.5 documentation" href="../index.html" /> <link rel="up" title="17. Interprocess Communication and Networking" href="ipc.html" /> <link rel="next" title="17.3. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects" href="ssl.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management" href="subprocess.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head> <body> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="ssl.html" title="17.3. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="subprocess.html" title="17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="ipc.html" accesskey="U">17. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body"> <div class="section" id="module-socket"> <span id="socket-low-level-networking-interface"></span><h1>17.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></tt></a> — Low-level networking interface<a class="headerlink" href="#module-socket" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>This module provides access to the BSD <em>socket</em> interface. It is available on all modern Unix systems, Windows, Mac OS X, BeOS, OS/2, and probably additional platforms.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">Some behavior may be platform dependent, since calls are made to the operating system socket APIs.</p> </div> <p>For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following papers: An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, by Stuart Sechrest and An Advanced 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, by Samuel J. Leffler et al, both in the UNIX Programmer’s Manual, Supplementary Documents 1 (sections PS1:7 and PS1:8). The platform-specific reference material for the various socket-related system calls are also a valuable source of information on the details of socket semantics. For Unix, refer to the manual pages; for Windows, see the WinSock (or Winsock 2) specification. For IPv6-ready APIs, readers may want to refer to <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3493.html"><strong>RFC 3493</strong></a> titled Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6.</p> <p id="index-1">The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the Unix system call and library interface for sockets to Python’s object-oriented style: the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket()</span></tt></a> function returns a <em class="dfn">socket object</em> whose methods implement the various socket system calls. Parameter types are somewhat higher-level than in the C interface: as with <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt> operations on Python files, buffer allocation on receive operations is automatic, and buffer length is implicit on send operations.</p> <p>Socket addresses are represented as follows: A single string is used for the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_UNIX" title="socket.AF_UNIX"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_UNIX</span></tt></a> address family. A pair <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(host,</span> <span class="pre">port)</span></tt> is used for the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET</span></tt></a> address family, where <em>host</em> is a string representing either a hostname in Internet domain notation like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'daring.cwi.nl'</span></tt> or an IPv4 address like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'100.50.200.5'</span></tt>, and <em>port</em> is an integer. For <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET6</span></tt></a> address family, a four-tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(host,</span> <span class="pre">port,</span> <span class="pre">flowinfo,</span> <span class="pre">scopeid)</span></tt> is used, where <em>flowinfo</em> and <em>scopeid</em> represents <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sin6_flowinfo</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sin6_scope_id</span></tt> member in <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span> <span class="pre">sockaddr_in6</span></tt> in C. For <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></tt></a> module methods, <em>flowinfo</em> and <em>scopeid</em> can be omitted just for backward compatibility. Note, however, omission of <em>scopeid</em> can cause problems in manipulating scoped IPv6 addresses. Other address families are currently not supported. The address format required by a particular socket object is automatically selected based on the address family specified when the socket object was created.</p> <p>For IPv4 addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host address: the empty string represents <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">INADDR_ANY</span></tt>, and the string <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'<broadcast>'</span></tt> represents <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">INADDR_BROADCAST</span></tt>. The behavior is not available for IPv6 for backward compatibility, therefore, you may want to avoid these if you intend to support IPv6 with your Python programs.</p> <p>If you use a hostname in the <em>host</em> portion of IPv4/v6 socket address, the program may show a nondeterministic behavior, as Python uses the first address returned from the DNS resolution. The socket address will be resolved differently into an actual IPv4/v6 address, depending on the results from DNS resolution and/or the host configuration. For deterministic behavior use a numeric address in <em>host</em> portion.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5: </span>AF_NETLINK sockets are represented as pairs <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pid,</span> <span class="pre">groups</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6: </span>Linux-only support for TIPC is also available using the <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_TIPC</span></tt> address family. TIPC is an open, non-IP based networked protocol designed for use in clustered computer environments. Addresses are represented by a tuple, and the fields depend on the address type. The general tuple form is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(addr_type,</span> <span class="pre">v1,</span> <span class="pre">v2,</span> <span class="pre">v3</span> <span class="pre">[,</span> <span class="pre">scope])</span></tt>, where:<ul> <li><p class="first"><em>addr_type</em> is one of <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIPC_ADDR_NAME</span></tt>, or <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIPC_ADDR_ID</span></tt>.</p> </li> <li><p class="first"><em>scope</em> is one of <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIPC_NODE_SCOPE</span></tt>.</p> </li> <li><p class="first">If <em>addr_type</em> is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIPC_ADDR_NAME</span></tt>, then <em>v1</em> is the server type, <em>v2</em> is the port identifier, and <em>v3</em> should be 0.</p> <p>If <em>addr_type</em> is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ</span></tt>, then <em>v1</em> is the server type, <em>v2</em> is the lower port number, and <em>v3</em> is the upper port number.</p> <p>If <em>addr_type</em> is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIPC_ADDR_ID</span></tt>, then <em>v1</em> is the node, <em>v2</em> is the reference, and <em>v3</em> should be set to 0.</p> </li> </ul> </p> <p>All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid argument types and out-of-memory conditions can be raised; errors related to socket or address semantics raise the error <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.error</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>Non-blocking mode is supported through <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.setblocking" title="socket.socket.setblocking"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setblocking()</span></tt></a>. A generalization of this based on timeouts is supported through <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.settimeout" title="socket.socket.settimeout"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">settimeout()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>The module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></tt></a> exports the following constants and functions:</p> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="socket.error"> <em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">error</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-2">This exception is raised for socket-related errors. The accompanying value is either a string telling what went wrong or a pair <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(errno,</span> <span class="pre">string)</span></tt> representing an error returned by a system call, similar to the value accompanying <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.error" title="os.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.error</span></tt></a>. See the module <a class="reference internal" href="errno.html#module-errno" title="errno: Standard errno system symbols."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">errno</span></tt></a>, which contains names for the error codes defined by the underlying operating system.</p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.error</span></tt></a> is now a child class of <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.IOError" title="exceptions.IOError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="socket.herror"> <em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">herror</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.herror" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This exception is raised for address-related errors, i.e. for functions that use <em>h_errno</em> in the C API, including <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyname_ex" title="socket.gethostbyname_ex"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostbyname_ex()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyaddr" title="socket.gethostbyaddr"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostbyaddr()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>The accompanying value is a pair <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(h_errno,</span> <span class="pre">string)</span></tt> representing an error returned by a library call. <em>string</em> represents the description of <em>h_errno</em>, as returned by the <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">hstrerror()</span></tt> C function.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="socket.gaierror"> <em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gaierror</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.gaierror" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This exception is raised for address-related errors, for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getaddrinfo" title="socket.getaddrinfo"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getaddrinfo()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getnameinfo" title="socket.getnameinfo"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getnameinfo()</span></tt></a>. The accompanying value is a pair <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(error,</span> <span class="pre">string)</span></tt> representing an error returned by a library call. <em>string</em> represents the description of <em>error</em>, as returned by the <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gai_strerror()</span></tt> C function. The <em>error</em> value will match one of the <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">EAI_*</span></tt> constants defined in this module.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="exception"> <dt id="socket.timeout"> <em class="property">exception </em><tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">timeout</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.timeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This exception is raised when a timeout occurs on a socket which has had timeouts enabled via a prior call to <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">settimeout()</span></tt>. The accompanying value is a string whose value is currently always “timed out”.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="socket.AF_UNIX"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">AF_UNIX</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.AF_UNIX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.AF_INET"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">AF_INET</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.AF_INET6"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">AF_INET6</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket()</span></tt></a>. If the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_UNIX" title="socket.AF_UNIX"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_UNIX</span></tt></a> constant is not defined then this protocol is unsupported.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="socket.SOCK_STREAM"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOCK_STREAM</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOCK_STREAM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.SOCK_DGRAM"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOCK_DGRAM</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOCK_DGRAM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.SOCK_RAW"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOCK_RAW</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOCK_RAW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.SOCK_RDM"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOCK_RDM</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOCK_RDM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt id="socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOCK_SEQPACKET</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket()</span></tt></a>. (Only <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.SOCK_STREAM" title="socket.SOCK_STREAM"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">SOCK_STREAM</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.SOCK_DGRAM" title="socket.SOCK_DGRAM"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">SOCK_DGRAM</span></tt></a> appear to be generally useful.)</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt> <tt class="descname">SO_*</tt></dt> <dt id="socket.SOMAXCONN"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SOMAXCONN</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SOMAXCONN" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">MSG_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">SOL_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">IPPROTO_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">IPPORT_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">INADDR_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">IP_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">IPV6_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">EAI_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">AI_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">NI_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">TCP_*</tt></dt> <dd><p>Many constants of these forms, documented in the Unix documentation on sockets and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module. They are generally used in arguments to the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setsockopt()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">getsockopt()</span></tt> methods of socket objects. In most cases, only those symbols that are defined in the Unix header files are defined; for a few symbols, default values are provided.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt> <tt class="descname">SIO_*</tt></dt> <dt> <tt class="descname">RCVALL_*</tt></dt> <dd><p>Constants for Windows’ WSAIoctl(). The constants are used as arguments to the <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ioctl()</span></tt> method of socket objects.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt> <tt class="descname">TIPC_*</tt></dt> <dd><p>TIPC related constants, matching the ones exported by the C socket API. See the TIPC documentation for more information.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="socket.has_ipv6"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">has_ipv6</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.has_ipv6" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This constant contains a boolean value which indicates if IPv6 is supported on this platform.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.create_connection"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">create_connection</tt><big>(</big><em>address</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>timeout</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>source_address</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.create_connection" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Connect to a TCP service listening on the Internet <em>address</em> (a 2-tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(host,</span> <span class="pre">port)</span></tt>), and return the socket object. This is a higher-level function than <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.connect()</span></tt></a>: if <em>host</em> is a non-numeric hostname, it will try to resolve it for both <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET6</span></tt></a>, and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6.</p> <p>Passing the optional <em>timeout</em> parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance before attempting to connect. If no <em>timeout</em> is supplied, the global default timeout setting returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getdefaulttimeout" title="socket.getdefaulttimeout"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getdefaulttimeout()</span></tt></a> is used.</p> <p>If supplied, <em>source_address</em> must be a 2-tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(host,</span> <span class="pre">port)</span></tt> for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port are ‘’ or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> <p class="versionchanged"> <span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.7: </span><em>source_address</em> was added.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getaddrinfo"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getaddrinfo</tt><big>(</big><em>host</em>, <em>port</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>family</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>socktype</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>proto</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flags</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getaddrinfo" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Translate the <em>host</em>/<em>port</em> argument into a sequence of 5-tuples that contain all the necessary arguments for creating a socket connected to that service. <em>host</em> is a domain name, a string representation of an IPv4/v6 address or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>. <em>port</em> is a string service name such as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'http'</span></tt>, a numeric port number or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>. By passing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> as the value of <em>host</em> and <em>port</em>, you can pass <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NULL</span></tt> to the underlying C API.</p> <p>The <em>family</em>, <em>socktype</em> and <em>proto</em> arguments can be optionally specified in order to narrow the list of addresses returned. By default, their value is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>, meaning that the full range of results is selected. The <em>flags</em> argument can be one or several of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">AI_*</span></tt> constants, and will influence how results are computed and returned. Its default value is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt>. For example, <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AI_NUMERICHOST</span></tt> will disable domain name resolution and will raise an error if <em>host</em> is a domain name.</p> <p>The function returns a list of 5-tuples with the following structure:</p> <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(family,</span> <span class="pre">socktype,</span> <span class="pre">proto,</span> <span class="pre">canonname,</span> <span class="pre">sockaddr)</span></tt></p> <p>In these tuples, <em>family</em>, <em>socktype</em>, <em>proto</em> are all integers and are meant to be passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket()</span></tt></a> function. <em>canonname</em> will be a string representing the canonical name of the <em>host</em> if <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AI_CANONNAME</span></tt> is part of the <em>flags</em> argument; else <em>canonname</em> will be empty. <em>sockaddr</em> is a tuple describing a socket address, whose format depends on the returned <em>family</em> (a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(address,</span> <span class="pre">port)</span></tt> 2-tuple for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET</span></tt></a>, a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(address,</span> <span class="pre">port,</span> <span class="pre">flow</span> <span class="pre">info,</span> <span class="pre">scope</span> <span class="pre">id)</span></tt> 4-tuple for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET6</span></tt></a>), and is meant to be passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.connect()</span></tt></a> method.</p> <p>The following example fetches address information for a hypothetical TCP connection to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">www.python.org</span></tt> on port 80 (results may differ on your system if IPv6 isn’t enabled):</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"www.python.org"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOL_TCP</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">[(2, 1, 6, '', ('82.94.164.162', 80)),</span> <span class="go"> (10, 1, 6, '', ('2001:888:2000:d::a2', 80, 0, 0))]</span> </pre></div> </div> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getfqdn"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getfqdn</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>name</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getfqdn" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a fully qualified domain name for <em>name</em>. If <em>name</em> is omitted or empty, it is interpreted as the local host. To find the fully qualified name, the hostname returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyaddr" title="socket.gethostbyaddr"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostbyaddr()</span></tt></a> is checked, followed by aliases for the host, if available. The first name which includes a period is selected. In case no fully qualified domain name is available, the hostname as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostname" title="socket.gethostname"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostname()</span></tt></a> is returned.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.0.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.gethostbyname"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gethostbyname</tt><big>(</big><em>hostname</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.gethostbyname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Translate a host name to IPv4 address format. The IPv4 address is returned as a string, such as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'100.50.200.5'</span></tt>. If the host name is an IPv4 address itself it is returned unchanged. See <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyname_ex" title="socket.gethostbyname_ex"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostbyname_ex()</span></tt></a> for a more complete interface. <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyname" title="socket.gethostbyname"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostbyname()</span></tt></a> does not support IPv6 name resolution, and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getaddrinfo" title="socket.getaddrinfo"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getaddrinfo()</span></tt></a> should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.gethostbyname_ex"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gethostbyname_ex</tt><big>(</big><em>hostname</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.gethostbyname_ex" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Translate a host name to IPv4 address format, extended interface. Return a triple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(hostname,</span> <span class="pre">aliaslist,</span> <span class="pre">ipaddrlist)</span></tt> where <em>hostname</em> is the primary host name responding to the given <em>ip_address</em>, <em>aliaslist</em> is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and <em>ipaddrlist</em> is a list of IPv4 addresses for the same interface on the same host (often but not always a single address). <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyname_ex" title="socket.gethostbyname_ex"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostbyname_ex()</span></tt></a> does not support IPv6 name resolution, and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getaddrinfo" title="socket.getaddrinfo"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getaddrinfo()</span></tt></a> should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.gethostname"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gethostname</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.gethostname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where the Python interpreter is currently executing.</p> <p>If you want to know the current machine’s IP address, you may want to use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostbyname(gethostname())</span></tt>. This operation assumes that there is a valid address-to-host mapping for the host, and the assumption does not always hold.</p> <p>Note: <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostname" title="socket.gethostname"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostname()</span></tt></a> doesn’t always return the fully qualified domain name; use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getfqdn()</span></tt> (see above).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.gethostbyaddr"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gethostbyaddr</tt><big>(</big><em>ip_address</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.gethostbyaddr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a triple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(hostname,</span> <span class="pre">aliaslist,</span> <span class="pre">ipaddrlist)</span></tt> where <em>hostname</em> is the primary host name responding to the given <em>ip_address</em>, <em>aliaslist</em> is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and <em>ipaddrlist</em> is a list of IPv4/v6 addresses for the same interface on the same host (most likely containing only a single address). To find the fully qualified domain name, use the function <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.getfqdn" title="socket.getfqdn"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">getfqdn()</span></tt></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.gethostbyaddr" title="socket.gethostbyaddr"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gethostbyaddr()</span></tt></a> supports both IPv4 and IPv6.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getnameinfo"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getnameinfo</tt><big>(</big><em>sockaddr</em>, <em>flags</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getnameinfo" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Translate a socket address <em>sockaddr</em> into a 2-tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(host,</span> <span class="pre">port)</span></tt>. Depending on the settings of <em>flags</em>, the result can contain a fully-qualified domain name or numeric address representation in <em>host</em>. Similarly, <em>port</em> can contain a string port name or a numeric port number.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getprotobyname"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getprotobyname</tt><big>(</big><em>protocolname</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getprotobyname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Translate an Internet protocol name (for example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'icmp'</span></tt>) to a constant suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket()</span></tt></a> function. This is usually only needed for sockets opened in “raw” mode (<a class="reference internal" href="#socket.SOCK_RAW" title="socket.SOCK_RAW"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">SOCK_RAW</span></tt></a>); for the normal socket modes, the correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is omitted or zero.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getservbyname"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getservbyname</tt><big>(</big><em>servicename</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>protocolname</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getservbyname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Translate an Internet service name and protocol name to a port number for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'tcp'</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'udp'</span></tt>, otherwise any protocol will match.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getservbyport"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getservbyport</tt><big>(</big><em>port</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>protocolname</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getservbyport" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Translate an Internet port number and protocol name to a service name for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'tcp'</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'udp'</span></tt>, otherwise any protocol will match.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.socket"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">socket</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>family</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>type</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>proto</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol number. The address family should be <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET</span></tt></a> (the default), <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET6</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_UNIX" title="socket.AF_UNIX"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_UNIX</span></tt></a>. The socket type should be <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.SOCK_STREAM" title="socket.SOCK_STREAM"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">SOCK_STREAM</span></tt></a> (the default), <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.SOCK_DGRAM" title="socket.SOCK_DGRAM"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">SOCK_DGRAM</span></tt></a> or perhaps one of the other <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SOCK_</span></tt> constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted in that case.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.socketpair"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">socketpair</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>family</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>type</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>proto</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socketpair" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are as for the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket()</span></tt></a> function above. The default family is <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_UNIX" title="socket.AF_UNIX"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_UNIX</span></tt></a> if defined on the platform; otherwise, the default is <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET</span></tt></a>. Availability: Unix.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.fromfd"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">fromfd</tt><big>(</big><em>fd</em>, <em>family</em>, <em>type</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>proto</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.fromfd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Duplicate the file descriptor <em>fd</em> (an integer as returned by a file object’s <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></tt> method) and build a socket object from the result. Address family, socket type and protocol number are as for the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket()</span></tt></a> function above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not checked — subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file descriptor is invalid. This function is rarely needed, but can be used to get or set socket options on a socket passed to a program as standard input or output (such as a server started by the Unix inet daemon). The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode. Availability: Unix.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.ntohl"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">ntohl</tt><big>(</big><em>x</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.ntohl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Convert 32-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.ntohs"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">ntohs</tt><big>(</big><em>x</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.ntohs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Convert 16-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.htonl"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">htonl</tt><big>(</big><em>x</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.htonl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Convert 32-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.htons"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">htons</tt><big>(</big><em>x</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.htons" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Convert 16-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.inet_aton"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">inet_aton</tt><big>(</big><em>ip_string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.inet_aton" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Convert an IPv4 address from dotted-quad string format (for example, ‘123.45.67.89’) to 32-bit packed binary format, as a string four characters in length. This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of type <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span> <span class="pre">in_addr</span></tt>, which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary this function returns.</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_aton" title="socket.inet_aton"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_aton()</span></tt></a> also accepts strings with less than three dots; see the Unix manual page <em class="manpage">inet(3)</em> for details.</p> <p>If the IPv4 address string passed to this function is invalid, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.error</span></tt></a> will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on the underlying C implementation of <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_aton()</span></tt>.</p> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_aton" title="socket.inet_aton"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_aton()</span></tt></a> does not support IPv6, and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_pton" title="socket.inet_pton"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_pton()</span></tt></a> should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.inet_ntoa"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">inet_ntoa</tt><big>(</big><em>packed_ip</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.inet_ntoa" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Convert a 32-bit packed IPv4 address (a string four characters in length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation (for example, ‘123.45.67.89’). This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of type <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span> <span class="pre">in_addr</span></tt>, which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary data this function takes as an argument.</p> <p>If the string passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes in length, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.error</span></tt></a> will be raised. <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_ntoa" title="socket.inet_ntoa"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_ntoa()</span></tt></a> does not support IPv6, and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_ntop" title="socket.inet_ntop"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_ntop()</span></tt></a> should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.inet_pton"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">inet_pton</tt><big>(</big><em>address_family</em>, <em>ip_string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.inet_pton" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Convert an IP address from its family-specific string format to a packed, binary format. <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_pton" title="socket.inet_pton"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_pton()</span></tt></a> is useful when a library or network protocol calls for an object of type <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span> <span class="pre">in_addr</span></tt> (similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_aton" title="socket.inet_aton"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_aton()</span></tt></a>) or <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span> <span class="pre">in6_addr</span></tt>.</p> <p>Supported values for <em>address_family</em> are currently <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET6</span></tt></a>. If the IP address string <em>ip_string</em> is invalid, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.error</span></tt></a> will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on both the value of <em>address_family</em> and the underlying implementation of <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_pton()</span></tt>.</p> <p>Availability: Unix (maybe not all platforms).</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.inet_ntop"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">inet_ntop</tt><big>(</big><em>address_family</em>, <em>packed_ip</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.inet_ntop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Convert a packed IP address (a string of some number of characters) to its standard, family-specific string representation (for example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'7.10.0.5'</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'5aef:2b::8'</span></tt>) <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_ntop" title="socket.inet_ntop"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_ntop()</span></tt></a> is useful when a library or network protocol returns an object of type <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span> <span class="pre">in_addr</span></tt> (similar to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_ntoa" title="socket.inet_ntoa"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_ntoa()</span></tt></a>) or <tt class="xref c c-type docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span> <span class="pre">in6_addr</span></tt>.</p> <p>Supported values for <em>address_family</em> are currently <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET6" title="socket.AF_INET6"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET6</span></tt></a>. If the string <em>packed_ip</em> is not the correct length for the specified address family, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.ValueError" title="exceptions.ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> will be raised. A <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.error</span></tt></a> is raised for errors from the call to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.inet_ntop" title="socket.inet_ntop"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inet_ntop()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>Availability: Unix (maybe not all platforms).</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.getdefaulttimeout"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getdefaulttimeout</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.getdefaulttimeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket module is first imported, the default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="function"> <dt id="socket.setdefaulttimeout"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">setdefaulttimeout</tt><big>(</big><em>timeout</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.setdefaulttimeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket module is first imported, the default is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="data"> <dt id="socket.SocketType"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">SocketType</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.SocketType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type. It is the same as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type(socket(...))</span></tt>.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso"> <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="last docutils"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#module-SocketServer" title="SocketServer: A framework for network servers."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">SocketServer</span></tt></a></dt> <dd>Classes that simplify writing network servers.</dd> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html#module-ssl" title="ssl: TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl</span></tt></a></dt> <dd>A TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects.</dd> </dl> </div> <div class="section" id="socket-objects"> <span id="id1"></span><h2>17.2.1. Socket Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#socket-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Socket objects have the following methods. Except for <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">makefile()</span></tt> these correspond to Unix system calls applicable to sockets.</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.accept"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">accept</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.accept" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections. The return value is a pair <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(conn,</span> <span class="pre">address)</span></tt> where <em>conn</em> is a <em>new</em> socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and <em>address</em> is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.bind"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">bind</tt><big>(</big><em>address</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.bind" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Bind the socket to <em>address</em>. The socket must not already be bound. (The format of <em>address</em> depends on the address family — see above.)</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This method has historically accepted a pair of parameters for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET</span></tt></a> addresses instead of only a tuple. This was never intentional and is no longer available in Python 2.0 and later.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.close"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">close</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object will fail. The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed). Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last"><a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.close" title="socket.socket.close"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">close()</span></tt></a> releases the resource associated with a connection but does not necessarily close the connection immediately. If you want to close the connection in a timely fashion, call <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.shutdown" title="socket.socket.shutdown"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutdown()</span></tt></a> before <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.close" title="socket.socket.close"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">close()</span></tt></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.connect"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">connect</tt><big>(</big><em>address</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Connect to a remote socket at <em>address</em>. (The format of <em>address</em> depends on the address family — see above.)</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This method has historically accepted a pair of parameters for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET</span></tt></a> addresses instead of only a tuple. This was never intentional and is no longer available in Python 2.0 and later.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.connect_ex"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">connect_ex</tt><big>(</big><em>address</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.connect_ex" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">connect(address)</span></tt>, but return an error indicator instead of raising an exception for errors returned by the C-level <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">connect()</span></tt> call (other problems, such as “host not found,” can still raise exceptions). The error indicator is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">0</span></tt> if the operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the <tt class="xref c c-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">errno</span></tt> variable. This is useful to support, for example, asynchronous connects.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">This method has historically accepted a pair of parameters for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.AF_INET" title="socket.AF_INET"><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">AF_INET</span></tt></a> addresses instead of only a tuple. This was never intentional and is no longer available in Python 2.0 and later.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.fileno"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">fileno</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.fileno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the socket’s file descriptor (a small integer). This is useful with <a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.select" title="select.select"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">select.select()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>Under Windows the small integer returned by this method cannot be used where a file descriptor can be used (such as <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fdopen" title="os.fdopen"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.fdopen()</span></tt></a>). Unix does not have this limitation.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.getpeername"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getpeername</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.getpeername" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is useful to find out the port number of a remote IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the address family — see above.) On some systems this function is not supported.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.getsockname"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getsockname</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.getsockname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the socket’s own address. This is useful to find out the port number of an IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the address family — see above.)</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.getsockopt"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">getsockopt</tt><big>(</big><em>level</em>, <em>optname</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>buflen</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.getsockopt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the value of the given socket option (see the Unix man page <em class="manpage">getsockopt(2)</em>). The needed symbolic constants (<tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">SO_*</span></tt> etc.) are defined in this module. If <em>buflen</em> is absent, an integer option is assumed and its integer value is returned by the function. If <em>buflen</em> is present, it specifies the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and this buffer is returned as a string. It is up to the caller to decode the contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module <a class="reference internal" href="struct.html#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret strings as packed binary data."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span></tt></a> for a way to decode C structures encoded as strings).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.ioctl"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">ioctl</tt><big>(</big><em>control</em>, <em>option</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.ioctl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none"> <col class="field-name" /> <col class="field-body" /> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Platform :</th><td class="field-body">Windows</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.ioctl" title="socket.socket.ioctl"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ioctl()</span></tt></a> method is a limited interface to the WSAIoctl system interface. Please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms741621%28VS.85%29.aspx">Win32 documentation</a> for more information.</p> <p>On other platforms, the generic <a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html#fcntl.fcntl" title="fcntl.fcntl"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl.fcntl()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html#fcntl.ioctl" title="fcntl.ioctl"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">fcntl.ioctl()</span></tt></a> functions may be used; they accept a socket object as their first argument.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.listen"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">listen</tt><big>(</big><em>backlog</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.listen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Listen for connections made to the socket. The <em>backlog</em> argument specifies the maximum number of queued connections and should be at least 0; the maximum value is system-dependent (usually 5), the minimum value is forced to 0.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.makefile"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">makefile</tt><big>(</big><span class="optional">[</span><em>mode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>bufsize</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.makefile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-3">Return a <em class="dfn">file object</em> associated with the socket. (File objects are described in <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#bltin-file-objects"><em>File Objects</em></a>.) The file object references a <tt class="xref c c-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dup()</span></tt>ped version of the socket file descriptor, so the file object and socket object may be closed or garbage-collected independently. The socket must be in blocking mode (it can not have a timeout). The optional <em>mode</em> and <em>bufsize</em> arguments are interpreted the same way as by the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#file" title="file"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">file()</span></tt></a> function.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">On Windows, the file-like object created by <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.makefile" title="socket.socket.makefile"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">makefile()</span></tt></a> cannot be used where a file object with a file descriptor is expected, such as the stream arguments of <a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html#subprocess.Popen" title="subprocess.Popen"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">subprocess.Popen()</span></tt></a>.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.recv"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">recv</tt><big>(</big><em>bufsize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flags</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Receive data from the socket. The return value is a string representing the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received at once is specified by <em>bufsize</em>. See the Unix manual page <em class="manpage">recv(2)</em> for the meaning of the optional argument <em>flags</em>; it defaults to zero.</p> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> <p class="last">For best match with hardware and network realities, the value of <em>bufsize</em> should be a relatively small power of 2, for example, 4096.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.recvfrom"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">recvfrom</tt><big>(</big><em>bufsize</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flags</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.recvfrom" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(string,</span> <span class="pre">address)</span></tt> where <em>string</em> is a string representing the data received and <em>address</em> is the address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page <em class="manpage">recv(2)</em> for the meaning of the optional argument <em>flags</em>; it defaults to zero. (The format of <em>address</em> depends on the address family — see above.)</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.recvfrom_into"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">recvfrom_into</tt><big>(</big><em>buffer</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>nbytes</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flags</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.recvfrom_into" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Receive data from the socket, writing it into <em>buffer</em> instead of creating a new string. The return value is a pair <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(nbytes,</span> <span class="pre">address)</span></tt> where <em>nbytes</em> is the number of bytes received and <em>address</em> is the address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page <em class="manpage">recv(2)</em> for the meaning of the optional argument <em>flags</em>; it defaults to zero. (The format of <em>address</em> depends on the address family — see above.)</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.recv_into"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">recv_into</tt><big>(</big><em>buffer</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>nbytes</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flags</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.recv_into" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Receive up to <em>nbytes</em> bytes from the socket, storing the data into a buffer rather than creating a new string. If <em>nbytes</em> is not specified (or 0), receive up to the size available in the given buffer. Returns the number of bytes received. See the Unix manual page <em class="manpage">recv(2)</em> for the meaning of the optional argument <em>flags</em>; it defaults to zero.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.send"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">send</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flags</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.send" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The optional <em>flags</em> argument has the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">recv()</span></tt></a> above. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for checking that all data has been sent; if only some of the data was transmitted, the application needs to attempt delivery of the remaining data. For further information on this concept, consult the <a class="reference internal" href="../howto/sockets.html#socket-howto"><em>Socket Programming HOWTO</em></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.sendall"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">sendall</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>flags</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.sendall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The optional <em>flags</em> argument has the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">recv()</span></tt></a> above. Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.send" title="socket.socket.send"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">send()</span></tt></a>, this method continues to send data from <em>string</em> until either all data has been sent or an error occurs. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> is returned on success. On error, an exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if any, was successfully sent.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.sendto"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">sendto</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>address</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.sendto" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dt> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">sendto</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em>, <em>flags</em>, <em>address</em><big>)</big></dt> <dd><p>Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by <em>address</em>. The optional <em>flags</em> argument has the same meaning as for <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">recv()</span></tt></a> above. Return the number of bytes sent. (The format of <em>address</em> depends on the address family — see above.)</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.setblocking"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">setblocking</tt><big>(</big><em>flag</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.setblocking" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if <em>flag</em> is 0, the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode. Initially all sockets are in blocking mode. In non-blocking mode, if a <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">recv()</span></tt></a> call doesn’t find any data, or if a <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.send" title="socket.socket.send"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">send()</span></tt></a> call can’t immediately dispose of the data, a <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.error" title="socket.error"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">error</span></tt></a> exception is raised; in blocking mode, the calls block until they can proceed. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.setblocking(0)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.settimeout(0.0)</span></tt>; <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.setblocking(1)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.settimeout(None)</span></tt>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.settimeout"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">settimeout</tt><big>(</big><em>value</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.settimeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set a timeout on blocking socket operations. The <em>value</em> argument can be a nonnegative float expressing seconds, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>. If a float is given, subsequent socket operations will raise a <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.timeout" title="socket.timeout"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">timeout</span></tt></a> exception if the timeout period <em>value</em> has elapsed before the operation has completed. Setting a timeout of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> disables timeouts on socket operations. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.settimeout(0.0)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.setblocking(0)</span></tt>; <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.settimeout(None)</span></tt> is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">s.setblocking(1)</span></tt>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.gettimeout"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">gettimeout</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.gettimeout" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket operations, or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if no timeout is set. This reflects the last call to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.setblocking" title="socket.socket.setblocking"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setblocking()</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.settimeout" title="socket.socket.settimeout"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">settimeout()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </dd></dl> <p>Some notes on socket blocking and timeouts: A socket object can be in one of three modes: blocking, non-blocking, or timeout. Sockets are always created in blocking mode. In blocking mode, operations block until complete or the system returns an error (such as connection timed out). In non-blocking mode, operations fail (with an error that is unfortunately system-dependent) if they cannot be completed immediately. In timeout mode, operations fail if they cannot be completed within the timeout specified for the socket or if the system returns an error. The <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.setblocking" title="socket.socket.setblocking"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">setblocking()</span></tt></a> method is simply a shorthand for certain <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.settimeout" title="socket.socket.settimeout"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">settimeout()</span></tt></a> calls.</p> <p>Timeout mode internally sets the socket in non-blocking mode. The blocking and timeout modes are shared between file descriptors and socket objects that refer to the same network endpoint. A consequence of this is that file objects returned by the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.makefile" title="socket.socket.makefile"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">makefile()</span></tt></a> method must only be used when the socket is in blocking mode; in timeout or non-blocking mode file operations that cannot be completed immediately will fail.</p> <p>Note that the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">connect()</span></tt></a> operation is subject to the timeout setting, and in general it is recommended to call <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.settimeout" title="socket.socket.settimeout"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">settimeout()</span></tt></a> before calling <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">connect()</span></tt></a> or pass a timeout parameter to <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.create_connection" title="socket.create_connection"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">create_connection()</span></tt></a>. The system network stack may return a connection timeout error of its own regardless of any Python socket timeout setting.</p> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.setsockopt"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">setsockopt</tt><big>(</big><em>level</em>, <em>optname</em>, <em>value</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.setsockopt" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p id="index-4">Set the value of the given socket option (see the Unix manual page <em class="manpage">setsockopt(2)</em>). The needed symbolic constants are defined in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></tt></a> module (<tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">SO_*</span></tt> etc.). The value can be an integer or a string representing a buffer. In the latter case it is up to the caller to ensure that the string contains the proper bits (see the optional built-in module <a class="reference internal" href="struct.html#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret strings as packed binary data."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">struct</span></tt></a> for a way to encode C structures as strings).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="method"> <dt id="socket.socket.shutdown"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">shutdown</tt><big>(</big><em>how</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.shutdown" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Shut down one or both halves of the connection. If <em>how</em> is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">SHUT_RD</span></tt>, further receives are disallowed. If <em>how</em> is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">SHUT_WR</span></tt>, further sends are disallowed. If <em>how</em> is <tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">SHUT_RDWR</span></tt>, further sends and receives are disallowed. Depending on the platform, shutting down one half of the connection can also close the opposite half (e.g. on Mac OS X, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutdown(SHUT_WR)</span></tt> does not allow further reads on the other end of the connection).</p> </dd></dl> <p>Note that there are no methods <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">read()</span></tt> or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">write()</span></tt>; use <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">recv()</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.send" title="socket.socket.send"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">send()</span></tt></a> without <em>flags</em> argument instead.</p> <p>Socket objects also have these (read-only) attributes that correspond to the values given to the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></tt></a> constructor.</p> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="socket.socket.family"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">family</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.family" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The socket family.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="socket.socket.type"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">type</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The socket type.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> <dl class="attribute"> <dt id="socket.socket.proto"> <tt class="descclassname">socket.</tt><tt class="descname">proto</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#socket.socket.proto" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The socket protocol.</p> <p class="versionadded"> <span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.5.</span></p> </dd></dl> </div> <div class="section" id="example"> <span id="socket-example"></span><h2>17.2.2. Example<a class="headerlink" href="#example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Here are four minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol: a server that echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one client), and a client using it. Note that a server must perform the sequence <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.bind" title="socket.socket.bind"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">bind()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.listen" title="socket.socket.listen"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">listen()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.accept" title="socket.socket.accept"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept()</span></tt></a> (possibly repeating the <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.accept" title="socket.socket.accept"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept()</span></tt></a> to service more than one client), while a client only needs the sequence <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket" title="socket.socket"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket()</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.connect" title="socket.socket.connect"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">connect()</span></tt></a>. Also note that the server does not <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.sendall" title="socket.socket.sendall"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">sendall()</span></tt></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.recv" title="socket.socket.recv"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">recv()</span></tt></a> on the socket it is listening on but on the new socket returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#socket.socket.accept" title="socket.socket.accept"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">accept()</span></tt></a>.</p> <p>The first two examples support IPv4 only.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Echo server program</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span> <span class="n">HOST</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">''</span> <span class="c"># Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces</span> <span class="n">PORT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">50007</span> <span class="c"># Arbitrary non-privileged port</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">HOST</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PORT</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'Connected by'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Echo client program</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span> <span class="n">HOST</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'daring.cwi.nl'</span> <span class="c"># The remote host</span> <span class="n">PORT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">50007</span> <span class="c"># The same port as used by the server</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">HOST</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PORT</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Hello, world'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'Received'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The next two examples are identical to the above two, but support both IPv4 and IPv6. The server side will listen to the first address family available (it should listen to both instead). On most of IPv6-ready systems, IPv6 will take precedence and the server may not accept IPv4 traffic. The client side will try to connect to the all addresses returned as a result of the name resolution, and sends traffic to the first one connected successfully.</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Echo server program</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span> <span class="n">HOST</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="c"># Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces</span> <span class="n">PORT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">50007</span> <span class="c"># Arbitrary non-privileged port</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HOST</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PORT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_UNSPEC</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AI_PASSIVE</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">af</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socktype</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">canonname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sa</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">af</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socktype</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="k">continue</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sa</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="k">continue</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'could not open socket'</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'Connected by'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="k">while</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># Echo client program</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span> <span class="n">HOST</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'daring.cwi.nl'</span> <span class="c"># The remote host</span> <span class="n">PORT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">50007</span> <span class="c"># The same port as used by the server</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getaddrinfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HOST</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PORT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_UNSPEC</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">af</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socktype</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">canonname</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sa</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">af</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socktype</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">proto</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="k">continue</span> <span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sa</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span> <span class="k">continue</span> <span class="k">break</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'could not open socket'</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sendall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Hello, world'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1024</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">'Received'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The last example shows how to write a very simple network sniffer with raw sockets on Windows. The example requires administrator privileges to modify the interface:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span> <span class="c"># the public network interface</span> <span class="n">HOST</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostbyname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gethostname</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="c"># create a raw socket and bind it to the public interface</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_RAW</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPPROTO_IP</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">HOST</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c"># Include IP headers</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setsockopt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IPPROTO_IP</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IP_HDRINCL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># receive all packages</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ioctl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SIO_RCVALL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">RCVALL_ON</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># receive a package</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recvfrom</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">65565</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># disabled promiscuous mode</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ioctl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SIO_RCVALL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">RCVALL_OFF</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Running an example several times with too small delay between executions, could lead to this error:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><pre>socket.error: [Errno 98] Address already in use</pre> </div> <p>This is because the previous execution has left the socket in a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIME_WAIT</span></tt> state, and can’t be immediately reused.</p> <p>There is a <a class="reference internal" href="#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></tt></a> flag to set, in order to prevent this, <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket.SO_REUSEADDR</span></tt>:</p> <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">AF_INET</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOCK_STREAM</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setsockopt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SOL_SOCKET</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SO_REUSEADDR</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="n">HOST</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PORT</span><span class="p">))</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>the <tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">SO_REUSEADDR</span></tt> flag tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TIME_WAIT</span></tt> state, without waiting for its natural timeout to expire.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">17.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">socket</span></tt> — Low-level networking interface</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#socket-objects">17.2.1. Socket Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#example">17.2.2. Example</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="subprocess.html" title="previous chapter">17.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></tt> — Subprocess management</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="ssl.html" title="next chapter">17.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ssl</span></tt> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a></p> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li> <li><a href="../_sources/library/socket.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> <p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%"> Enter search terms or a module, class or function name. </p> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="ssl.html" title="17.3. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="subprocess.html" title="17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="http://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.5 documentation</a> » </li> <li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li><a href="ipc.html" >17. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a> »</li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2020, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="http://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Oct 13, 2020. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.1.3. </div> </body> </html>