Edit File: git-push.txt
git-push(1) =========== NAME ---- git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects SYNOPSIS -------- [verse] 'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>] [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [--prune] [-v | --verbose] [-u | --set-upstream] [<repository> [<refspec>...]] DESCRIPTION ----------- Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects necessary to complete the given refs. You can make interesting things happen to a repository every time you push into it, by setting up 'hooks' there. See documentation for linkgit:git-receive-pack[1]. When the command line does not specify where to push with the `<repository>` argument, `branch.*.remote` configuration for the current branch is consulted to determine where to push. If the configuration is missing, it defaults to 'origin'. When the command line does not specify what to push with `<refspec>...` arguments or `--all`, `--mirror`, `--tags` options, the command finds the default `<refspec>` by consulting `remote.*.push` configuration, and if it is not found, honors `push.default` configuration to decide what to push (See gitlink:git-config[1] for the meaning of `push.default`). OPTIONS[[OPTIONS]] ------------------ <repository>:: The "remote" repository that is destination of a push operation. This parameter can be either a URL (see the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below) or the name of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below). <refspec>...:: Specify what destination ref to update with what source object. The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus `+`, followed by the source object <src>, followed by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>. + The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as `master~4` or `HEAD` (see linkgit:gitrevisions[7]). + The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must be named. If `:`<dst> is omitted, the same ref as <src> will be updated. + The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference on the remote side. By default this is only allowed if <dst> is not a tag (annotated or lightweight), and then only if it can fast-forward <dst>. By having the optional leading `+`, you can tell Git to update the <dst> ref even if it is not allowed by default (e.g., it is not a fast-forward.) This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See EXAMPLES below for details. + `tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`. + Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from the remote repository. + The special refspec `:` (or `+:` to allow non-fast-forward updates) directs Git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name already exists on the remote side. --all:: Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all refs under `refs/heads/` be pushed. --prune:: Remove remote branches that don't have a local counterpart. For example a remote branch `tmp` will be removed if a local branch with the same name doesn't exist any more. This also respects refspecs, e.g. `git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/*` would make sure that remote `refs/tmp/foo` will be removed if `refs/heads/foo` doesn't exist. --mirror:: Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all refs under `refs/` (which includes but is not limited to `refs/heads/`, `refs/remotes/`, and `refs/tags/`) be mirrored to the remote repository. Newly created local refs will be pushed to the remote end, locally updated refs will be force updated on the remote end, and deleted refs will be removed from the remote end. This is the default if the configuration option `remote.<remote>.mirror` is set. -n:: --dry-run:: Do everything except actually send the updates. --porcelain:: Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each ref will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full symbolic names of the refs will be given. --delete:: All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is the same as prefixing all refs with a colon. --tags:: All refs under `refs/tags` are pushed, in addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command line. --follow-tags:: Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option, and also push annotated tags in `refs/tags` that are missing from the remote but are pointing at committish that are reachable from the refs being pushed. --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>:: --exec=<git-receive-pack>:: Path to the 'git-receive-pack' program on the remote end. Sometimes useful when pushing to a remote repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in a directory on the default $PATH. -f:: --force:: Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it. This flag disables the check. This can cause the remote repository to lose commits; use it with care. --repo=<repository>:: This option is only relevant if no <repository> argument is passed in the invocation. In this case, 'git push' derives the remote name from the current branch: If it tracks a remote branch, then that remote repository is pushed to. Otherwise, the name "origin" is used. For this latter case, this option can be used to override the name "origin". In other words, the difference between these two commands + -------------------------- git push public #1 git push --repo=public #2 -------------------------- + is that #1 always pushes to "public" whereas #2 pushes to "public" only if the current branch does not track a remote branch. This is useful if you write an alias or script around 'git push'. -u:: --set-upstream:: For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add upstream (tracking) reference, used by argument-less linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information, see 'branch.<name>.merge' in linkgit:git-config[1]. --[no-]thin:: These options are passed to linkgit:git-send-pack[1]. A thin transfer significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is \--thin. -q:: --quiet:: Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs, unless an error occurs. Progress is not reported to the standard error stream. -v:: --verbose:: Run verbosely. --progress:: Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the standard error stream is not directed to a terminal. --recurse-submodules=check|on-demand:: Make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch. If 'check' is used Git will verify that all submodule commits that changed in the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one remote of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If 'on-demand' is used all submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. include::urls-remotes.txt[] OUTPUT ------ The output of "git push" depends on the transport method used; this section describes the output when pushing over the Git protocol (either locally or via ssh). The status of the push is output in tabular form, with each line representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form: ------------------------------- <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>) ------------------------------- If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form: ------------------------------- <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>) ------------------------------- The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if --porcelain or --verbose option is used. flag:: A single character indicating the status of the ref: (space);; for a successfully pushed fast-forward; `+`;; for a successful forced update; `-`;; for a successfully deleted ref; `*`;; for a successfully pushed new ref; `!`;; for a ref that was rejected or failed to push; and `=`;; for a ref that was up to date and did not need pushing. summary:: For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to `git log` (this is `<old>..<new>` in most cases, and `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast-forward updates). + For a failed update, more details are given: + -- rejected:: Git did not try to send the ref at all, typically because it is not a fast-forward and you did not force the update. remote rejected:: The remote end refused the update. Usually caused by a hook on the remote side, or because the remote repository has one of the following safety options in effect: `receive.denyCurrentBranch` (for pushes to the checked out branch), `receive.denyNonFastForwards` (for forced non-fast-forward updates), `receive.denyDeletes` or `receive.denyDeleteCurrent`. See linkgit:git-config[1]. remote failure:: The remote end did not report the successful update of the ref, perhaps because of a temporary error on the remote side, a break in the network connection, or other transient error. -- from:: The name of the local ref being pushed, minus its `refs/<type>/` prefix. In the case of deletion, the name of the local ref is omitted. to:: The name of the remote ref being updated, minus its `refs/<type>/` prefix. reason:: A human-readable explanation. In the case of successfully pushed refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for failure is described. Note about fast-forwards ------------------------ When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A. In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the original commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new commit B builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history. In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example, suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you built a history leading to commit B while the other person built a history leading to commit A. The history looks like this: ---------------- B / ---X---A ---------------- Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A back to the original repository from which you two obtained the original commit X. The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward. But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that now points at A) with commit B. This does _not_ fast-forward. If you did so, the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody will now start building on top of B. The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward to prevent such loss of history. If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) nor the work by the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done by both parties, and push the result back. You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push" the result. A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A and B. ---------------- B---C / / ---X---A ---------------- Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your push will be accepted. Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A, with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back. The rebase will create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of A. ---------------- B D / / ---X---A ---------------- Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will be accepted. There is another common situation where you may encounter non-fast-forward rejection when you try to push, and it is possible even when you are pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into. After you push commit A yourself (in the first picture in this section), replace it with "git commit --amend" to produce commit B, and you try to push it out, because forgot that you have pushed A out already. In such a case, and only if you are certain that nobody in the meantime fetched your earlier commit A (and started building on top of it), you can run "git push --force" to overwrite it. In other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for a case where you do mean to lose history. Examples -------- `git push`:: Works like `git push <remote>`, where <remote> is the current branch's remote (or `origin`, if no remote is configured for the current branch). `git push origin`:: Without additional configuration, works like `git push origin :`. + The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can be configured by setting the `push` option of the remote, or the `push.default` configuration variable. + For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to `origin` use `git config remote.origin.push HEAD`. Any valid <refspec> (like the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the default for `git push origin`. `git push origin :`:: Push "matching" branches to `origin`. See <refspec> in the <<OPTIONS,OPTIONS>> section above for a description of "matching" branches. `git push origin master`:: Find a ref that matches `master` in the source repository (most likely, it would find `refs/heads/master`), and update the same ref (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) in `origin` repository with it. If `master` did not exist remotely, it would be created. `git push origin HEAD`:: A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the remote. `git push mothership master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev`:: Use the source ref that matches `master` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) to update the ref that matches `satellite/master` (most probably `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `mothership` repository; do the same for `dev` and `satellite/dev`. + This is to emulate `git fetch` run on the `mothership` using `git push` that is run in the opposite direction in order to integrate the work done on `satellite`, and is often necessary when you can only make connection in one way (i.e. satellite can ssh into mothership but mothership cannot initiate connection to satellite because the latter is behind a firewall or does not run sshd). + After running this `git push` on the `satellite` machine, you would ssh into the `mothership` and run `git merge` there to complete the emulation of `git pull` that were run on `mothership` to pull changes made on `satellite`. `git push origin HEAD:master`:: Push the current branch to the remote ref matching `master` in the `origin` repository. This form is convenient to push the current branch without thinking about its local name. `git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental`:: Create the branch `experimental` in the `origin` repository by copying the current `master` branch. This form is only needed to create a new branch or tag in the remote repository when the local name and the remote name are different; otherwise, the ref name on its own will work. `git push origin :experimental`:: Find a ref that matches `experimental` in the `origin` repository (e.g. `refs/heads/experimental`), and delete it. `git push origin +dev:master`:: Update the origin repository's master branch with the dev branch, allowing non-fast-forward updates. *This can leave unreferenced commits dangling in the origin repository.* Consider the following situation, where a fast-forward is not possible: + ---- o---o---o---A---B origin/master \ X---Y---Z dev ---- + The above command would change the origin repository to + ---- A---B (unnamed branch) / o---o---o---X---Y---Z master ---- + Commits A and B would no longer belong to a branch with a symbolic name, and so would be unreachable. As such, these commits would be removed by a `git gc` command on the origin repository. GIT --- Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite